International cooperation in the fight against cyberpression in the context of response to new challenges and threats
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2022.306Abstract
This article explores criminal procedure and other organizational and legal aspects of international cooperation between states in the fight against cybercrime in the face of new challenges and threats. The aim is to identify and consider formal and informal measures of international cooperation in response to transnational cybercrime. Through legal analysis, we demonstrate that such crimes, as a rule, have an international character, as they have negative consequences on the territory of other sovereign countries. The author analyzes various forms of international cooperation in the fight against crime, which include extradition (extradition), legal assistance in criminal matters, transfer of criminal prosecution (judicial proceedings), as well as informal cooperation between law enforcement agencies (international police cooperation), in particular within the framework of US law called “СLOUD Act”. As an empirical basis for the study, materials of Russian operational and investigative practice for 2018–2019, as well as decisions of courts of foreign states, were used. However, the majority of law enforcement agencies deliberately or without intent resort to the practice of obtaining evidence on cybercrimes that are physically located on the territory of another country, independently, without obtaining the consent of this state. This happens through a remote connection in real time to the subscriber device of a criminally prosecuted person or its withdrawal from a victim or witness located on the territory of the state by law enforcement agencies that conduct proceedings on a cybercrime case with subsequent inspection to find information relevant to the case, as well as through the use of other legal methods.
Keywords:
cybercrime, international cooperation, jurisdiction, electronic information, service provider
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Библиография
Волеводз, Александр Г. 2014. Международное уголовное правосудие и права человека. М.: Российский университет дружбы народов.
Волеводз, Александр Г. 2016. «Некоторые аспекты планирования расследования при международном сотрудничестве в сфере уголовного судопроизводства». Уголовное судопроизводство 3: 26–33.
Жубрин, Роман В. 2018. «Сроки исполнения запросов о правовой помощи по уголовным делам». Законность 5: 12–14.
Клевцов, Кирилл К. 2018. осудебное производство в отношении лиц, уклоняющихся от уголовной ответственности за пределами территории Российской Федерации. М.: Юрлитинформ.
Кунев, Денис А. 2019. Противодействие перемещению преступных активов за рубеж и их возврата в Российскую Федерацию: уголовно-процессуальные аспекты. Дис. … канд. юрид. наук, Московский государственный институт международных отношений (университет) МИД РФ.
Литвишко, Петр А. 2011. «Вопросы процессуальной самостоятельности органов предварительного расследования Российской Федерации при осуществлении международного сотрудничества». Российский следователь 18: 13–18.
Литвишко, Петр А. 2015. «Интеграция предварительного расследования и оперативно-розыскной деятельности: иностранный и международный опыт». Библиотека криминалиста. Научный журнал 3: 309–319.
Малов, Александр. 2018. «Получение электронных доказательств от иностранных юрисдикций (на примере США)». Законность 9: 56–60.
Нурбеков, Искендер М. 2011. «Криминалистические аспекты взаимодействия с иностранными компетентными органами при расследовании преступлений международного характера». Библиотека криминалиста. Научный журнал 1: 117–129.
Шаталов, Александр С. 2015. «Правовой механизм сотрудничества в сфере уголовного судопроизводства». Право. Журнал Высшей школы экономики 1: 126–149.
Щерба, Сергей П. 2016. «Международное сотрудничество России в сфере выдачи для уголовного преследования на основе принципа взаимности». Международное уголовное право и международная юстиция 4: 3–8.
Abraha, Halefom. 2020. “Regulating law enforcement access to electronic evidence across borders: The United States approach”. Information & Communications Technology Law 29: 1–30.
Bassiouni, Cherif M. 2014. International extradition: United States law and practice. 6th rev. ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Benson, Karyn, Rafael Dowsley, Hovav Shacham. 2011. “Do you know where cloud files are?” Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Workshop on Cloud Computing Security: 73–82. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
Broadhurst, Roderic, Peter Grabosky, Mamoun Alazab, Steve Chon. 2014. “Organizations and cyber crime: An analysis of the nature of groups engaged in cyber crime”. International of Journal of Cyber Criminology 8 (1): 1–20.
Currie, Robert J. 2000. “Human rights and international mutual legal assistance: Resolving the tension”. Criminal Law Forum 11 (2): 143–181.
Ferzan, Kimberly. 2020. “The reach of the realm. Criminal law”. Philosophy 14: 335–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-020-09541-w.
Galbraith, Jean. 2018. “Congress enacts the Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data (CLOUD) Act, reshaping U. S. law governing cross-border access to data”. American Journal of International Law 112 (3): 486–493. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2018.61.
Goldfoot, Josh. 2011. “Compelling online providers to produce evidence under ECPA”. The United States Attorneys Bulletin (Obtaining and Admitting Electronic Evidence) 59 (6): 35–41.
Grant, Christensen. 2019. “The extraterritorial reach of Tribal Court criminal jurisdiction”. Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 46 (294): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3231533.
Maillart, Jean-Baptiste. 2019. “The limits of subjective territorial jurisdiction in the context of cybercrime”. ERA Forum 19: 375–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-018-0527-2.
Megret, Frederic. 2020. “Do not do abroad what you would not do at home?: An exploration of the rationales for extraterritorial criminal jurisdiction over a state’s nationals”. Canadian Yearbook of International Law / Annuaire canadien de droit international 57: 1–40.
Peterson, Zachary N. J., Mark Gondree, Robert Beverly. 2011. “A position on data sovereignty: The importance of geolocating data in the cloud”. HotCloud: Proceedings of the 3rd USENIX conference of Hot topic in Cloud computing. ResearchGate. Дата обращения 1 мая, 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236626434_A_Position_Paper_on_Data_Sovereignty_The_Importance_of_Geolocating_Data_in_the_Cloud.pdf.
Plachta, Michal. 1989. “The role of double criminality in international cooperation in penal matters”. Double Criminality Studies in International Criminal Law. Ed. by Nils Jareborg, 84–134. Uppsala: Iustus Forlag.
Ring, Tim. 2021. “Europol: The Al hacker threat to biometrics”. Biometric Technology Today 2: 9–11.
Schomburg, Wolfgang, Otto Lagodny. 2020. Internationale Rechtshilfe in Strafsachen (International Cooperation in Criminal Matters). Kommentar. 6., vollig neu bearbeitete Auflage. Munchen: C. H. Beck.
Sieber, Ulrich. 2012. Straftaten und Strafverfolgung im Internet. Gutachten C zum 69. Deutschen Juristentag. Munich: C. H. Beck.
Soler, Christopher. 2019. “Aut dedere aut judicare”. The global prosecution of core crimes under international law, 319–401. The Hague: T. M. C., Asser Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-335-1_13.
Vermeulen, Gert, Wendy De Bondt, Charlotte Ryckman, eds. 2012. Rethinking international cooperation in criminal matters in the EU. Moving beyond actors, bringing logic back, footed in reality. Antwerpen, Apeldoorn: Portland Maklu.
Zając, Dominik. 2020. “Criminal jurisdiction over the Internet: Jurisdictional links in the cyber era”. Cambridge Law Review 4 (2): 1–28.
References
Abraha, Halefom. 2020. “Regulating law enforcement access to electronic evidence across borders: The United States approach”. Information & Communications Technology Law 29: 1–30.
Bassiouni, Cherif M. 2014. International extradition: United States law and practice. 6th rev. ed. New York, Oxford University Press.
Benson, Karyn, Rafael Dowsley, Hovav Shacham. 2011. “Do you know where cloud files are?” Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Workshop on Cloud Computing Security: 73–82. New York, Association for Computing Machinery.
Broadhurst, Roderic, Peter Grabosky, Mamoun Alazab, Steve Chon. 2014. “Organizations and cyber crime: An analysis of the nature of groups engaged in cyber crime”. International of Journal of Cyber Criminology 8 (1): 1–20.
Currie, Robert J. 2000. “Human rights and international mutual legal assistance: Resolving the tension”. Criminal Law Forum 11 (2): 143–181.
Ferzan, Kimberly. 2020. “The reach of the realm. Criminal law”. Philosophy 14: 335–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-020-09541-w.
Galbraith, Jean. 2018. “Congress enacts the Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data (CLOUD) Act, reshaping U. S. law governing cross-border access to data”. American Journal of International Law 112 (3): 486–493. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2018.61.
Goldfoot, Josh. 2011. “Compelling online providers to produce evidence under ECPA”. The United States Attorneys Bulletin (Obtaining and Admitting Electronic Evidence) 59 (6): 35–41.
Grant, Christensen. 2019. “The extraterritorial reach of Tribal Court criminal jurisdiction”. Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 46 (294): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3231533.
Klevtsov, Kirill K. 2018. Pre-trial proceedings against persons evading criminal responsibility outside the territory of the Russian Federation. Moscow, Iurlitinform Publ. (In Russian)
Kunev, Denis A. 2019. “Countering the movement of criminal assets abroad and their return to the Russian Federation: Criminal procedural aspects”. PhD diss., Moskovskii gosudarstvennyi institut mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenii (universitet) MID RF. (In Russian)
Litvishko, Petr A. 2011. “Issues of procedural independence of the bodies of preliminary investigation of the Russian Federation in the implementation of international cooperation”. Rossiiskii sledovatel’ 18: 13–18. (In Russian)
Litvishko, Petr A. 2015. “Integration of preliminary investigation and search operations: Foreign and international experience”. Biblioteka kriminalista. Nauchnyi zhurnal 3: 309–319. (In Russian)
Maillart, Jean-Baptiste. 2019. “The limits of subjective territorial jurisdiction in the context of cybercrime”. ERA Forum 19: 375–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-018-0527-2.
Malov, Aleksandr. 2018. “Obtaining electronic evidence from foreign jurisdictions (for example, USA)”. Zakonnost’ 9: 56–60. (In Russian)
Megret, Frederic. 2020. “Do not do abroad what you would not do at home?: An exploration of the rationales for extraterritorial criminal jurisdiction over a state’s nationals”. Canadian Yearbook of International Law / Annuaire canadien de droit international 57: 1–40.
Nurbekov, Iskender M. 2011. “Forensic aspects of interaction with foreign competent authorities in the investigation of crimes of an international nature”. Biblioteka kriminalista. Nauchnyi zhurnal 1: 117–129.(In Russian)
Peterson, Zachary N. J., Mark Gondree, Robert Beverly. 2011. “A position on data sovereignty: The importance of geolocating data in the cloud”. HotCloud: Proceedings of the 3rd USENIX conference of Hot topic in Cloud computing. ResearchGate. Дата обращения 1 мая, 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236626434_A_Position_Paper_on_Data_Sovereignty_The_Importance_of_Geolocating_Data_in_the_Cloud.pdf.
Plachta, Michal. 1989. “The role of double criminality in international cooperation in penal matters”. Double Criminality Studies in International Criminal Law. Ed. by Nils Jareborg, 84–134. Uppsala, Iustus Forlag.
Ring, Tim. 2021. “Europol: The Al hacker threat to biometrics”. Biometric Technology Today 2: 9–11.
Schomburg, Wolfgang, Otto Lagodny. 2020. Internationale Rechtshilfe in Strafsachen (International Cooperation in Criminal Matters). Kommentar. 6., vollig neu bearbeitete Auflage. Munchen, C. H. Beck.
Shatalov, Alekasandr S. 2015. “Legal mechanism for cooperation in the field of criminal justice”. Pravo. Zhurnal Vysshei shkoly ekonomiki 1: 126–149. (In Russian)
Shcherba, Sergei P. 2016. “International cooperation of Russia in the field of extradition for criminal prosecution based on the principle of reciprocity”. Mezhdunarodnoe ugolovnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnaia iustitsiia 4: 3–8. (In Russian)
Sieber, Ulrich. 2012. Straftaten und Strafverfolgung im Internet. Gutachten C zum 69. Deutschen Juristentag. Munich, C. H. Beck.
Soler, Christopher. 2019. “Aut dedere aut judicare”. The global prosecution of core crimes under international law, 319–401. The Hague, T. M. C., Asser Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-335-1_13.
Vermeulen, Gert, Wendy De Bondt, Charlotte Ryckman, eds. 2012. Rethinking international cooperation in criminal matters in the EU. Moving beyond actors, bringing logic back, footed in reality. Antwerpen, Apeldoorn, Portland Maklu.
Volevodz, Aleksandr G. 2014. International criminal justice and human rights. Moscow, Rossiiskii universitet druzhby narodov Publ. (In Russian)
Volevodz, Aleksandr G. 2016. “Some aspects of investigation planning in international cooperation in criminal matters”. Ugolovnoe sudoproizvodstvo 3: 26–33. (In Russian)
Zając, Dominik. 2020. “Criminal jurisdiction over the Internet: Jurisdictional links in the cyber era”. Cambridge Law Review 4 (2): 1–28.
Zhubrin, Roman V. 2018. “Deadlines for the execution of requests for legal assistance in criminal matters”. Zakonnost’ 5: 12–14. (In Russian)
Downloads
Published
2022-09-22
How to Cite
Klevtsov, K. K. (2022). International cooperation in the fight against cyberpression in the context of response to new challenges and threats. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law, 13(3), 678–695. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2022.306
Issue
Section
Foreign and International Law
License
Articles of "Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law" are open access distributed under the terms of the License Agreement with Saint Petersburg State University, which permits to the authors unrestricted distribution and self-archiving free of charge.
