Implicit administrative acts. Part one
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2023.203Abstract
Based on the comparative legal method, the article analyzes the use of the construction of implicit (fictitious) decisions in Russian and several European legal orders, when the inaction of the public administration is equated with the adoption of an administrative act. In the first part of article the author provides a brief overview of the evolution of the legal regulation of the silence of public administration in France, the Netherlands and Germany, and considers the influence of the Directive 2006/123/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of December 12, 2006 on services in the internal market (Services Directive) on the development of the institution of implicit decisions in the EU countries. The paper analyses the conceptual basis and the main arguments pro et contra of two models of implicit administrative acts — a negative decision (based on the principle of “silence is a sign of refusal”) and a positive decision (based on the principle of “silence is a sign of consent”). Despite political slogans and formal proclamation in legislation, in fact, a mixed model is implemented in European national legal systems, combining both principles. The functional meaning of implicit administrative acts has undergone a significant evolution. The initial purpose of this construction was to provide the possibility of appealing against the inaction of public authorities in those legal acts that allowed judicial review only of administrative acts. In the future, the construction of implicit administrative acts began to be used as a tool for increasing the efficiency of public administration, simplifying and speeding up administrative procedures, and stimulating economic activity.
Keywords:
administrative silence, administrative inaction, public administration, implicit decision, fictitious decision, administrative act, administrative decision, silent refusal, silent consent
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Библиография
Дюги, Леон. 1908. Конституционное право. Общая теория государства. Пер. с фр. М.: Изд-во Товарищества И. Д. Сытина.
Елистратов, Аркадий И. 1917. Основные начала административного права. М.: Изд. Г. А. Лемана и С. И. Сахарова.
Карадже-Искров, Николай П. 1927. Новейшая эволюция административного права. Иркутск: Изд. бюро Иркутского гос. ун-та.
Кассиа, Пол. 2011. «Подразумеваемые решения в административном праве Франции». Административные процедуры и контроль в свете европейского опыта. Под ред. Талии Я. Хабриевой, Жерара Марку, 194–219. М.: Статут.
Латурнери, Мари-Эме. 2015. «Правовое значение отсутствия ответа административного органа по законодательству Франции». Comitas Gentium. France-Russie. Дата обращения 11 апреля, 2021. http://comitasgentium.com/ru/sudebnay_praktika/pravovoe-znachenie-otsutstvija-otveta.
Марку, Жерар. 2011. «Административные акты и процедуры России и других государств Европы». Административные процедуры и контроль в свете европейского опыта. Под ред. Талии Я. Хабриевой, Жерара Марку, 20–93. М.: Статут.
Хван, Леонид. 2015. «Фиктивный административный акт: перспективы регуляции в странах Центральной Азии». Ежегодник публичного права 2016: Административный акт, 112–132. М.: Инфотропик Медиа.
Anthony, Gordon. 2008. “Administrative silence and UK Public Law”. Curentul Juridic 3–4 (34–35). Дата обращения 11 апреля, 2021. http://revcurentjur.ro/old/index.php?page=arhiva&lang=en&nr=2008.
Batalli, Mirlinda. 2017. “Consequences of administrative silence in public administration”. SEER Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe 20 (1): 139–152. https://doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2017-1-139
Bonomo, Annamaria. 2019. “The right to good administration and the administrative inaction: A troubled relationship”. Diritto Pubblico Europeo. Rassegna On-Line 2: 179–196. https://doi.org/10.6092/2421-0528/6463
Boros, Anita. 2012. “The implementation of the Services Directive in Hungary”. The Implementation of the EU Services Directive. Transposition, Problems and Strategies. Eds Stelkens, Ulrich, Wolfgang Weiß, Michael Mirschberger, 283–308. The Hague: T. M. C. Asser Press.
Chevalier, Emilie. 2020. “Silence in the French administrative system: A failed revolution?” The Sound of Silence in European Administrative Law. Eds Dragos, Dacian C., Polonca Kovač, Hanna D. Tolsma, 107–145. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dragos, Dacian C., Polonca Kovač, Hanna D. Tolsma, eds. 2020. The sound of silence in European administrative law. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Edelstam, Gunilla. 2012. “The implementation of the Services Directive in Sweden”. The Implementation of the EU Services Directive. Transposition, Problems and Strategies. Eds Stelkens, Ulrich, Wolfgang Weiß, Michael Mirschberger, 589–632. The Hague: T. M. C. Asser Press.
Engewald, Bettina. 2020. “Administrative silence in Germany”. The Sound of Silence in European Administrative Law. Eds Dragos, Dacian C., Polonca Kovač, Hanna D. Tolsma, 67–106. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Franch, Marta, Joan Torrelles Boros. 2012. “The implementation of the Services Directive in Spain”. The Implementation of the EU Services Directive. Transposition, Problems and Strategies. Eds Stelkens, Ulrich, Wolfgang Weiß, Michael Mirschberger, 573–587. The Hague: T. M. C. Asser Press.
Gorozabel, Elizabeth M. C., Harold S. Q. Francis, Carolina E. C. Cevallos. 2017. “The application of the positive administrative silence in the Ecuadorian legislation”. Weber Sociology & Anthropology 8 (1): 824–828.
Graaf, Kars J. de, Nicole G. Hoogstra, Albert T. Marseille. 2020. “Remedies against administrative silence in the Netherlands”. The Sound of Silence in European Administrative Law. Eds Dragos, Dacian C., Polonca Kovač, Hanna D. Tolsma, 179–212. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Graaf, Kars J. de, Nicole G. Hoogstra. 2013. “Silence is golden? Tacit authorizations in the Netherlands, Germany and France”. Review of European Administrative Law 6 (2): 7–34.
Jansen, Oswald. 2015. “Silence of the administration”. Maastricht Faculty of Law Working Paper 3: 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2630147
Jurkowska-Gomułka, Agata, Kamilla Kurczewska, Katarzyna Kurzępa-Dedo. 2020. “Understanding administrative silence: A view of public officers from the Subcarpathia”. Public Administration Issues 6: 98–117. https://doi.org/10.17323/1999-5431-2020-0-6-98-117
Kovač, Polonca, Hanna D. Tolsma, Dacian C. Dragos. 2020. “In search of an effective model: A comparative outlook on administrative silence in Europe”. The Sound of Silence in European Administrative Law. Eds Dragos, Dacian C., Polonca Kovač, Hanna D. Tolsma, 3–29. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mirschberger, Michael. 2012. “The implementation of the Services Directive in Germany”. The Implementation of the EU Services Directive. Transposition, Problems and Strategies. Eds Stelkens, Ulrich, Wolfgang Weiß, Michael Mirschberger, 225–282. The Hague: T. M. C. Asser Press.
Parisio, Vera. 2013. “The Italian Administrative Procedure Act and public authorities’ silence”. Hamline Law Review 36 (1): 3–25.
Prechal, Sacha, Sybe de Vries and Frederik van Doorn. 2012. “The implementation of the Services Directive in Netherlands”. The Implementation of the EU Services Directive. Transposition, Problems and Strategies. Eds Stelkens, Ulrich, Wolfgang Weiß, Michael Mirschberger, 435–474. The Hague: T. M. C. Asser Press.
Railas, Lauri. 2012. “The implementation of the Services Directive in Finland”. The Implementation of the EU Services Directive. Transposition, Problems and Strategies. Eds Stelkens, Ulrich, Wolfgang Weiß, Michael Mirschberger, 191–207. The Hague: T. M. C. Asser Press.
Rozsnyai, Krisztina F., István Hoffman. 2020. “New Hungarian institutions against administrative silence: Friends or foes of the parties?” Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 29 (1): 109–127. https://doi.org/10.17951/sil.2020.29.1.109-127
Sever, Tina, Ana Đanić, Polonca Kovač. 2016. “Effective legal protection against the excessive length of administrative decision-making: The cases of Slovenia and Croatia”. NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy 9 (1): 135–166. https://doi.org/10.1515/nispa-2016-0007
Skulová, Soňa, Lukáš Potěšil, David Hejč, Radislav Bražina. 2019. “Effectiveness of judicial protection against administrative silence in the Czech Republic”. Central European Public Administration Review 17 (1): 43–68. https://doi.org/10.17573/cepar.2019.1.03
Stelkens, Ulrich, Wolfgang Weiß, Michael Mirschberger, eds. 2012. The Implementation of the EU Services Directive. Transposition, Problems and Strategies. The Hague: T. M. C. Asser Press.
Verbeeck, Bengt, Ivo Carlens, Jurgen Neuts, Ludo M. Veny. 2020. “Legal instruments to confront administrative inaction in Belgium: A gift for the citizen but a curse for the government?” The Sound of Silence in European Administrative Law. Eds Dragos, Dacian C., Polonca Kovač, Hanna D. Tolsma, 147–178. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Wade, William, Christopher Forsyth. 2004. Administrative Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
References
Anthony, Gordon. 2008. “Administrative silence and UK Public Law”. Curentul Juridic 3–4 (34–35). Дата обращения 11 апреля, 2021. http://revcurentjur.ro/old/index.php?page=arhiva&lang=en&nr=2008.
Batalli, Mirlinda. 2017. “Consequences of administrative silence in public administration”. SEER Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe 20 (1): 139–152. https://doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2017-1-139
Bonomo, Annamaria. 2019. “The right to good administration and the administrative inaction: A troubled relationship”. Diritto Pubblico Europeo. Rassegna On-Line 2: 179–196. https://doi.org/10.6092/2421-0528/6463
Boros, Anita. 2012. “The implementation of the Services Directive in Hungary”. The Implementation of the EU Services Directive. Transposition, Problems and Strategies. Eds Stelkens, Ulrich, Wolfgang Weiß, Michael Mirschberger, 283–308. The Hague: T. M. C. Asser Press.
Chevalier, Emilie. 2020. “Silence in the French administrative system: A failed revolution?” The Sound of Silence in European Administrative Law. Eds Dragos, Dacian C., Polonca Kovač, Hanna D. Tolsma, 107–145. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dragos, Dacian C., Polonca Kovač, Hanna D. Tolsma, eds. 2020. The sound of silence in European administrative law. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Edelstam, Gunilla. 2012. “The implementation of the Services Directive in Sweden”. The Implementation of the EU Services Directive. Transposition, Problems and Strategies. Eds Stelkens, Ulrich, Wolfgang Weiß, Michael Mirschberger, 589–632. The Hague: T. M. C. Asser Press.
Elistratov, Arkadii I. 1917. Administrative law. First principles. Moscow, Izdanie G. A. Lemana i S. I. Sakharova Publ. (In Russian)
Engewald, Bettina. 2020. “Administrative silence in Germany”. The Sound of Silence in European Administrative Law. Eds Dragos, Dacian C., Polonca Kovač, Hanna D. Tolsma, 67–106. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Franch, Marta, Joan Torrelles Boros. 2012. “The implementation of the Services Directive in Spain”. The Implementation of the EU Services Directive. Transposition, Problems and Strategies. Eds Stelkens, Ulrich, Wolfgang Weiß, Michael Mirschberger, 573–587. The Hague: T. M. C. Asser Press.
Gorozabel, Elizabeth M. C., Harold S. Q. Francis, Carolina E. C. Cevallos. 2017. “The application of the positive administrative silence in the Ecuadorian legislation”. Weber Sociology & Anthropology 8 (1): 824–828.
Graaf, Kars J. de, Nicole G. Hoogstra, Albert T. Marseille. 2020. “Remedies against administrative silence in the Netherlands”. The Sound of Silence in European Administrative Law. Eds Dragos, Dacian C., Polonca Kovač, Hanna D. Tolsma, 179–212. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Graaf, Kars J. de, Nicole G. Hoogstra. 2013. “Silence is golden? Tacit authorizations in the Netherlands, Germany and France”. Review of European Administrative Law 6 (2): 7–34.
Jansen, Oswald. 2015. “Silence of the administration”. Maastricht Faculty of Law Working Paper 3: 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2630147
Jurkowska-Gomułka, Agata, Kamilla Kurczewska, Katarzyna Kurzępa-Dedo. 2020. “Understanding administrative silence: A view of public officers from the Subcarpathia”. Public Administration Issues 6: 98–117. https://doi.org/10.17323/1999-5431-2020-0-6-98-117
Karadzhe-Iskrov, Nikolai P. 1927. Administrative law. Early modern history. Irkutsk, Irkutskii gosudarstvennyi universitet Publ. (In Russian)
Kassia, Pol. 2011. “Implicit decisions in French administrative law”. Administrativnye protsedury i kontrol’ v svete evropeiskogo opyta. Eds Taliia Ia. Khabrieva, Gerard Marku, 194–219. Moscow, Statut Publ.(In Russian)
Khvan, Leonid. 2015. “Fictitious administrative acts: prospects of regulation in the countries of Central Asia”. Ezhegodnik publichnogo prava 2016: Administrativnyi akt, 112–132. Мoscow, Infotropik Media Publ. (In Russian)
Kovač, Polonca, Hanna D. Tolsma, Dacian C. Dragos. 2020. “In search of an effective model: A comparative outlook on administrative silence in Europe”. The Sound of Silence in European Administrative Law. Eds Dragos, Dacian C., Polonca Kovač, Hanna D. Tolsma, 3–29. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Laturneri, Mari-Eme. 2015. “Legal significance of the absence of a response from an administrative body under French law”. Comitas Gentium. France-Russie. Accessed April 11, 2021. http://comitasgentium.com/ru/sudebnay_praktika/pravovoe-znachenie-otsutstvija-otveta. (In Russian)
Marku, Gerard. 2011. “Administrative acts and procedures of Russia and other European countries”. Administrativnye protsedury i kontrol’ v svete evropeiskogo opyta. Eds Taliia Ia. Khabrieva, Gerard Marku, 20–93. Moscow, Statut Publ. (In Russian)
Mirschberger, Michael. 2012. “The implementation of the Services Directive in Germany”. The Implementation of the EU Services Directive. Transposition, Problems and Strategies. Eds Stelkens, Ulrich, Wolfgang Weiß, Michael Mirschberger, 225–282. The Hague: T. M. C. Asser Press.
Parisio, Vera. 2013. “The Italian Administrative Procedure Act and public authorities’ silence”. Hamline Law Review 36 (1): 3–25.
Prechal, Sacha, Sybe de Vries and Frederik van Doorn. 2012. “The implementation of the Services Directive in Netherlands”. The Implementation of the EU Services Directive. Transposition, Problems and Strategies. Eds Stelkens, Ulrich, Wolfgang Weiß, Michael Mirschberger, 435–474. The Hague: T. M. C. Asser Press.
Railas, Lauri. 2012. “The implementation of the Services Directive in Finland”. The Implementation of the EU Services Directive. Transposition, Problems and Strategies. Eds Stelkens, Ulrich, Wolfgang Weiß, Michael Mirschberger, 191–207. The Hague: T. M. C. Asser Press.
Rozsnyai, Krisztina F., István Hoffman. 2020. “New Hungarian institutions against administrative silence: Friends or foes of the parties?” Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 29 (1): 109–127. https://doi.org/10.17951/sil.2020.29.1.109-127
Sever, Tina, Ana Đanić, Polonca Kovač. 2016. “Effective legal protection against the excessive length of administrative decision-making: The cases of Slovenia and Croatia”. NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy 9 (1): 135–166. https://doi.org/10.1515/nispa-2016-0007
Skulová, Soňa, Lukáš Potěšil, David Hejč, Radislav Bražina. 2019. “Effectiveness of judicial protection against administrative silence in the Czech Republic”. Central European Public Administration Review 17 (1): 43–68. https://doi.org/10.17573/cepar.2019.1.03
Stelkens, Ulrich, Wolfgang Weiß, Michael Mirschberger, eds. 2012. The Implementation of the EU Services Directive. Transposition, Problems and Strategies. The Hague: T. M. C. Asser Press.
Verbeeck, Bengt, Ivo Carlens, Jurgen Neuts, Ludo M. Veny. 2020. “Legal instruments to confront administrative inaction in Belgium: A gift for the citizen but a curse for the government?” The Sound of Silence in European Administrative Law. Eds Dragos, Dacian C., Polonca Kovač, Hanna D. Tolsma, 147–178. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Wade, William, Christopher Forsyth. 2004. Administrative Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Downloads
Published
2023-05-11
How to Cite
Andreev, D. S. (2023). Implicit administrative acts. Part one. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law, 14(2), 318–336. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2023.203
Issue
Section
Public and Private Law: Applied Research
License
Articles of "Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law" are open access distributed under the terms of the License Agreement with Saint Petersburg State University, which permits to the authors unrestricted distribution and self-archiving free of charge.
